SHRP Reports: Concrete and Structures Reports

Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) Publications Concrete and Structures Reports General Reports Highway Operations Reports Long-Term Pavement Performance Reports ========================================================= CONCRETE AND STRUCTURES REPORTS ========================================================= Concrete and Structures: Progress and Products Update Describes the concrete program's evolution up to 1989. Objectives and expected products of the research are discussed, as well as their economic and technical significance. 62 pages. SHRP-C-300 High Performance Concretes: An Annotated Bibliography 1974-1989 Contains more than 800 references from the past 15 years. 403 pages. SHRP-C-307 Electrochemical Chloride Removal and Protection of Concrete Bridge Components Discusses the feasibility of injecting synergistic inhibitors for protecting concrete bridge components. 47 pages. SHRP-S-310 Handbook for the Identification of Alkali-Silica Reactivity in Highway Structures Provides guidance for the field identification of alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) in portland cement concrete structures such as highways and bridges. ASR development is assessed on two bases: the occurrence and disposition of cracking and displacement of concrete; and the presence of reaction products from ASR. Color photographs. 48 pages. SHRP-C-315 High Performance Concretes: A State-of-the-Art Report Summarizes the current literature on the mechanical properties of concrete, with particular reference to the highway application of high performance concrete. Discusses the selection of materials and the manufacture of high performance concrete; the behavior of plastic and hardened concrete; the behavior of fiber-reinforced concrete; and the applications of high performance concrete. 250 pages. SHRP-C-317 A Guide to Evaluating Thermal Effects in Concrete Pavements Parameters such as concrete temperature, air temperature, cement type, and water content affect the thermal behavior of concrete. This report presents tables that help determine the types of problems that may result from thermal effects in concrete, such as whether pavement temperature will become too high; or whether temperature differences between the concrete slab or base and the air will result in early thermal cracking. 104 pages. SHRP-C-321 Condition Evaluation of Concrete Bridges Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion, Volume 1: State of the Art of Existing Methods Reviews existing methods to detect damage caused by corrosion of steel in concrete, poor quality or deteriorated concrete, and damage to prestressed or post-tensioned tendons embedded in concrete. Discusses each method and includes experiences reported in literature sources and in interviews with state and provincial department of transportation inspection and maintenance personnel. 70 pages. SHRP-S-323 Condition Evaluation of Concrete Bridges Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion, Volume 2: Method for Measuring the Corrosion Rate of Reinforcing Steel Examines parameters that affect corrosion rate measurements and ranks the most important parameters. Laboratory and field studies were performed using three commercially developed corrosion rate devices. 105 pages. SHRP-S-324 Condition Evaluation of Concrete Bridges Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion, Volume 3: Method for Evaluating the Condition of Asphalt-Covered Decks Investigates the use of short pulse, ground-penetrating radar to nondestructively identify delaminations at the top and bottom reinforcement levels of asphalt-covered concrete bridge decks. Results help to estimate service life, to program rehabilitation and maintenance activities, and to estimate quantities for rehabilitation contracts. 84 pages. SHRP-S-325 Condition Evaluation of Concrete Bridges Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion, Volume 4: Deck Membrane Effectiveness and a Method for Evaluating Membrane Integrity Investigates membrane performance and effectiveness to develop a nondestructive test to evaluate in-place membranes. An ultrasonic pulse velocity method was developed. Conclusions indicate that properly installed and maintained preformed membrane systems reduce chloride intrusion. 143 pages. SHRP-S-326 Condition Evaluation of Concrete Bridges Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion, Volume 5: Methods for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Penetrating Sealers Two methods, an electrical resistance and a water absorption method, were used to evaluate penetrating sealers for portland cement concrete bridge structures. A survey of highway agencies in the United States and Canada describes the organizations' experience with various penetrating sealants. 59 pages. SHRP-S-327 Condition Evaluation of Concrete Bridges Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion, Volume 6: Method for Field Determination of Total Chloride Content Evaluates four procedures to measure the chloride content of reinforced concrete in the field. The methods were used on samples from bridges located in different environments. Includes a detailed test procedure. 155 pages. SHRP-S-328 Condition Evaluation of Concrete Bridges Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion, Volume 7: Method for Field Measurement of Concrete Permeability Evaluates a prototype surface air flow device for the estimation of concrete surface permeability. A portable field device was constructed that obtains readings at one per minute, allowing a large amount of information to be developed at close intervals across a given concrete member. 87 pages. SHRP-S-329 Condition Evaluation of Concrete Bridges Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion, Volume 8: Procedure Manual Describes a procedure to assess the condition of concrete bridge components. Integrates the thirteen applicable, current test methods and procedures with methods presented in the previous seven volumes. Emphasis is on deterioration associated with chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcing steel, but all aspects of durability relative to concrete bridge components are addressed. Designed to be tailored the needs of a highway agency. 124 pages. SHRP-S-330 A Guide to Determining Optimal Gradation of Concrete Aggregates The optimal gradation of fine and coarse aggregates for use in the concrete mix can be determined by using a set of tables provided in this report. The tables are based on a computer model for the theoretical packing of spherical particles, which takes into account their size and specific gravity. Use of these tables in conjunction with the American Concrete Institute's ACI Standard Practice 211.1should help produce a more workable mix and a better consolidated hardened concrete with decreased permeability and improved durability. 200 pages. SHRP-C-334 Techniques for Concrete Removal and Bar Cleaning on Bridge Rehabilitation Projects This report evaluates three technologies for the partial removal of concrete from bridge structures: pneumatic breakers (jackhammers), milling, and hydrodemolition. Analyzes work characteristics, production, cost, and quality of product. 135 pages. SHRP-S-336 Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Elements: A State-of-the-Art Report Describes the evolution of cathodic protection of reinforced concrete bridges and its current state of the art. Discusses how cathodic protection works, the effectiveness of the techniques, and an extensive history of cathodic protection of reinforced concrete covering all aspects of completed projects. Design and construction details are available for various types of anode systems. Reviews ancillary equipment such as power supplies and monitoring equipment. Addresses research and development needs required to further the development and use of cathodic protection of reinforced concrete structures. 89 pages. SHRP-S-337 Concrete Microstructure: Recommended Revisions to Test Methods Analyzes and evaluates the results of research performed by SHRP for possible modifications to existing standard methods and specifications. The evaluation criteria are described. Both specific and general recommendations are made. Implications of results of packing for aggregate grading on ASTM C33 are discussed. An extensive appendix contains trilinear packing diagrams. 107 pages. SHRP-C-339 Concrete Microstructure Documents the investigation of variables that control cement hydration and microstructural development during the mixing, placing, and curing of concrete. 179 pages. SHRP-C-340 Alkali-Silica Reactivity: An Overview of Research Summarizes current knowledge of how alkali-silica reactivity affects concrete. Targets areas for further research. 105 pages. SHRP-C-342 Eliminating or Minimizing Alkali-Silica Reactivity Describes various studies of alkali-silica reactivity as it affects highway structures. Discusses procedures to evaluate material for safe use in concrete; means to mitigate ASR and its adverse effects in existing concrete; and various tests to detect ASR. 266 pages. SHRP-C-343 Concrete Bridge Protection and Rehabilitation: Chemical and Physical Techniques--Rapid Concrete Bridge Deck Protection, Repair and Rehabilitation Presents rapid methods used by state highway agencies for the protection, repair, and rehabilitation of bridge decks. The report is based on a literature review; responses to questionnaires sent to state departments of transportation, Canadian provinces, selected turnpike and thruway authorities, technology transfer centers, and material suppliers; and the evaluation of 50 bridge decks located in seven states. Compares polymer overlays, sealers, high early strength hydraulic cement concrete overlays, and patches for their performance characteristics and service life. 110pages. SHRP-S-344 Synthesis of Current and Projected Concrete Highway Technology Summarizes results from a literature review in the fields of concrete materials, construction practices, and applications in highway construction technology. Covers current and projected developments in materials systems including cements, aggregates, admixtures, fibers, and sealers. Other topics include: mix proportioning, batching and transport, placement, finishing, and curing; applications focused on repair and reconstruction, full-depth repairs, slab replacement, partial-depth repairs, overlays, and recycling; and quality assurance methods. Includes a history of concrete pavement construction in Europe. 286 pages. SHRP-C-345 Chloride Removal Implementation Guide Describes equipment and procedures for the electrochemical removal of chloride from reinforced concrete structures. Provides the basic information needed to implement the chloride removal process on field structures. Discusses pretreatment and posttreatment procedures. 45 pages. SHRP-S-347 Technical Alert: Criteria for the Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Elements Presents results and recommendations based on the investigation of control criteria used to measure corrosion rates of steel in a concrete environment. 14 pages. SHRP-S-359 Concrete Bridge Protection, Repair, and Rehabilitation Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion: A Methods Application Manual Designed to assist state highway personnel make decisions about protecting, repairing, and rehabilitating concrete bridges exposed to chloride-laden environments. Economic models enable selection of the most cost-effective method from a menu of protection, repair, and rehabilitation methods. Presents methods such as estimated service life, estimated construction price or cost, construction procedures, quality assurance and construction inspection methods, and material performance specifications. Compares two mechanized concrete removal methods, milling and hydrodemolition, against the traditional method, pneumatic breakers with respect to labor- and capital-intensive operations, work characteristics, and quality management and control. 268 pages. SHRP-S-360 Mechanical Behavior of High Performance Concretes, Volume 1: Summary Report Describes a literature search and review, the development of mixture proportions of three categories of high performance concrete, the laboratory studies and field trials of the concretes, and the laboratory studies of high early strength fiber-reinforced concrete. Points out the need to remove certain limitations in some of the current specifications that prevent the use of high performance concrete, and concludes with a list of future research needs. Includes two technical guides for the production and use of high performance concrete and two proposed specifications for test methods. 98 pages. SHRP-C-361 Mechanical Behavior of High Performance Concretes, Volume 2: Production of High Performance Concrete Details the laboratory development work on producing high performance concrete for highway applications. Twenty-one different mixture proportions were selected from 360 trial batches for in-depth study and evaluation of the mechanical behavior of the concrete. The objective was to explore the feasibility of developing appropriate mixture proportions for three different categories of high performance concrete with only locally available, conventional constituent materials and normal production and curing procedures. 92 pages. SHRP-C-362 Mechanical Behavior of High Performance Concretes, Volume 3: Very Early Strength Concrete Describes the laboratory investigation, field trials, and tests to obtain information on the mechanical behavior of very early strength concrete. Tests for the hardened concrete include: compression tests for strength and modulus of elasticity; tension tests for tensile strength, flexural strength, and tensile strain capacity; freeze-thaw tests for durability factor; shrinkage tests; rapid chloride permeability tests; tests for AC impedance; and tests for concrete-to-concrete bond. 116 pages. SHRP-C-363 Mechanical Behavior of High Performance Concretes Volume 4: High Early Strength Concrete Documents laboratory investigations of the mechanical behavior and field trials of high performance concrete for highway applications. Tests of hardened concrete included compression tests for strength and modulus of elasticity, tension tests for tensile strength and flexural modulus, freeze-thaw tests for durability factor, rapid chloride permeability tests, and various tests on concrete bonding. Field experiments conducted in New York, North Carolina, Arkansas, Illinois, and Nebraska represent a variety of environmental and exposure conditions. 179 pages. SHRP-C-364 Mechanical Behavior of High Performance Concretes, Volume 5: Very High Strength Concrete Documents laboratory investigations of the mechanical behavior of high performance concrete for highway applications. Hardened concrete tests include compression tests for strength and modulus of elasticity, tension tests for tensile strength and flexural modulus, freeze-thaw tests for durability factor, shrinkage tests, creep tests, rapid chloride permeability tests, tests for AC impedance, and tests for bond between concrete and steel reinforcement. 101 pages. SHRP-C-365 Mechanical Behavior of High Performance Concretes, Volume 6: High Early Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete Provides an extensive database and a summary of a comprehensive experimental investigation of the fresh state and mechanical properties of high early strength fiber reinforced concrete. Fresh properties tested include air content, workability, temperature, and plastic unit weight. Tests on the mechanical properties include compressive strength, elastic modulus, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, and fatigue life. Sixteen different combinations of parameters were investigated. Identifies optimal mixes that satisfied the minimum compressive strength criterion and showed excellent values of modulus of rupture, toughness indices in bending, and fatigue life in the cracked state. 297 pages. SHRP-C-366 Cathodic Protection of Concrete Bridges: A Manual of Practice Provides explanation, guidance, and direction concerning cathodic protection of concrete bridge elements. The manual is divided into three sections: Design, Construction, and Operation and Maintenance. Provides standard specifications for cathodic protection systems for both decks and substructures. Specifications are modeled after those currently being developed. Contributes useful reference for bridge engineers who design and prepare specifications or who oversee turnkey operations. 211 pages. SHRP-S-372 Optimization of Highway Concrete Technology Summarizes state-of-the-art technology, evaluates test methods for in-place concrete density, and offers guidelines to avoid thermal effects in concrete pavement slab placements and packing-based aggregate proportioning of concrete mixtures. The report also contains descriptions of field evaluations of a variety of concrete mixes used for early opening of full depth concrete pavement repairs and bridge deck overlays. It describes the methodology and content of the HWYCON expert system (see Users Guide to the Highway Concrete (HWYCON) Expert System, SHRP-C-406) and audiovisual implementation packages for highway personnel dealing with materials testing and pavement and bridge rehabilitation. SHRP-C-373 Field Manual for Maturity and Pullout Testing on Highway Structures Describes the use of maturity testing and pullout testing on highway construction projects. Provides background on the use of these procedures together with advice on the selection, and the correct and safe use of testing equipment. Site testing and correlation with standard cured cylinders are described. Gives guidance on the use of ACI and ASTM documents and lists recommended publications. 78 pages. SHRP-C-376 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis for Protection and Rehabilitation of Concrete Bridges Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion Presents a systematic methodology for determining the most cost-effective treatment at the project level, and its timing, for specific concrete bridge components that are deteriorating or likely to do so. The methodology applies only when the predominant concrete deterioration is associated with chloride-induced corrosion of the reinforcing steel. The methodology is designed to be flexible and can be tailored to suit the needs of individual highway agencies. Includes the CORRODE computer program on a DOS 3.5-inch disk. (Software not included in SHRP CD-ROM Library.) 289 pages. SHRP-S-377 Resistance of Concrete to Freezing and Thawing This study evaluated the parameters that affect the freeze-thaw durability of concrete; proposes a modification of the existing standard method for determining the durability of concrete specimens; and describes a new procedure for fundamental transverse frequency. It presents a new test for aggregate durability based on hydraulic fracture of aggregate. The field experiment design to test specific concrete mixes for freeze-thaw resistance is described, along with preliminary results. 201 pages. SHRP-C-391 Sprayed Zinc Galvanic Anodes for Concrete Marine Bridge Substructures Steel-reinforced marine substructure bridge components are subject to corrosion of the reinforcement from chloride ion contamination of the concrete. A low-cost method for galvanic cathodic protection can be installed by exposing the reinforcing steel, then arc-spraying zinc onto the steel and the surrounding concrete to create an anode. Anodes tested in the Florida Keys retained physical integrity over at least four and one-half years. Laboratory tests indicated that concrete resistivity does not represent a main limiting factor in performance of such anodes, and that periodic water contact (as encountered in the splash-evaporation zone of marine bridge substructures) is actually necessary for long-term anode performance. 85 pages. SHRP-S-405 Users Guide to the Highway Concrete (HWYCON) Expert System HWYCON is a software program designed to assist state highway departments with: diagnosing distresses in highway pavements and structures; selecting materials for construction and reconstruction; and obtaining recommendations on materials and procedures for repair and rehabilitation methods. The package contains 3.5-inch high- density computer disks and the users manual. The manual provides a reference for users of the system who need information about installation, the hardware requirements of the program, the knowledge base, and operation of HWYCON. 82 pages. SHRP-C-406. (Not included in SHRP CD-ROM Library). CONCRETE AND STRUCTURES REPORTS THAT RECEIVED LIMITED DISTRIBUTION ("UNPUBLISHED REPORTS") NCSU Concrete Materials Database This program was designed to collect and organize research data on the mechanical properties of high performance concrete. Based on the relational model and developed using commercial software, it contains a menu system and other user interfaces that guide users with little database knowledge to extract desired data for data analysis. The NCSU database is the first attempt to demonstrate the feasibility of establishing a general data base that encompasses all aspects of concrete properties. (See also User Manual: NCSU Concrete Materials Database Program, SHRP-C/UWP-91-502). 39 pages. SHRP-C/UWP-91-501 User Manual: NCSU Concrete Materials Database Program This companion document to NCSU Concrete Materials Database, SHRP-C/UWP-91-501, contains instructions on how to log onto the database, query the database for information, and input data. A reference section provides information on hardware and software requirements, as well as further information on querying and adding information to the database. 71 pages. SHRP-C/UWP-91-502 An Electrochemical Method for Detecting Ongoing Corrosion of Steel in a Concrete Structure with CP Applied Examines the feasibility of using AC impedance spectroscopy as a monitoring tool for detecting corrosion on cathodically protected reinforced steel in concrete. Although the feasibility of the technique was demonstrated for the concrete blocks containing a single reinforcing steel specimen, difficulties in interpretation of the data were created by the large macro-cell couples that were present in the large-scale slab tests. 47 pages. SHRP-ID/UFR-91-512 Feasibility Studies on Nondestructive Incorporation of a Conducting Polymer Anode Bed into Bridge Deck Concrete This feasibility study on the nondestructive incorporation of a conducting polymer anode bed into bridge deck concrete showed that incorporating polymers into concrete by both chemical and electrochemical approaches is feasible. It appears, however, that the lateral growth of conducting polymers to form an anode bed requires carefully controlled electrochemical oxidation of the monomer in the concrete matrix. 22 pages. SHRP-ID/UFR-91-517 Quantitative and Rapid Measurement of the Air-Void System in Fresh Concrete Evaluates a new method for determining air void characteristics in fresh concrete. The method uses a laser counting device to evaluate the number and distribution of air voids. The measurements are made on a core extracted from a sample of fresh concrete frozen with liquid nitrogen. 30 pages. SHRP-ID/UFR-91-519 Evaluation of Electrochemical Impedance Techniques for Detecting Corrosion on Rebar in Reinforced Concrete Examines the use of ultralow frequency AC impedance spectroscopy to characterize corrosion of reinforcement bar in concrete. This technique can nondestructively locate and characterize corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. The study sought to establish whether the technique could be used to determine the polarization resistance, and hence the corrosion rate, of the steel reinforcement bar. 98 pages. SHRP-ID/UFR-91-524 Electro-Acoustic Technology as a Means to Modify the Properties of Concrete--A Feasibility Study Investigates the feasibility of applying electro-acoustic technology in the impregnation of organic monomers and in the electro-osmotic removal of chloride ions to stop or retard corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. Results show that using the electro-acoustic impregnation technique causes the monomer to polymerize in situ and costs less than conventional polymer impregnation methods. Although this technique accelerated the movement of chloride ions, water content was found to be a significant determinant of electrical conductivity. 90 pages. SHRP-ID/UFR-91-526 Expert/Knowledge-Based Systems for Cement and Concrete: State-of-the-Art Report Surveys the expert/knowledge-based systems applications and development methods related to concrete pavements and structures. The report discusses: 1) the potential for the application of expert systems for concrete mixture design and diagnostics, repair, and rehabilitation; 2) inference procedures that are best suited for representing the concrete pavement and structure knowledge domain; and 3) recent expert/knowledge-based systems activities. 31 pages. SHRP-C/UWP-91-527 Alkali Aggregate Reactions in Concrete: An Annotated Bibliography, 1939-1991 Contains nearly 1300 citations, from before 1940 to 1991, including international publications, especially Japanese, French, Chinese, and German research. 470 pages. SHRP-C/UWP-92-601 Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Concrete Concludes that the use of short-pitch-based carbon fibers, together with a dispersant, chemical agents, and silica fume, in concrete with fine and coarse aggregates resulted in a flexural strength increase of 85% and a flexural toughness increase of 205%, a compressive strength increase of 22%, and a material price increase of 39%. The minimum carbon fiber content was 0.1 vol. %. The drying shrinkage was decreased by up to 90%. The electrical resistivity was decreased by up to 83%. 80 pages. SHRP-ID/UFR-92-605 Evaluation of Stratlingite-Hydrogarnet Glass Cement as a Quick-Setting Patching Material Evaluates stratlingite-hydrogarnet cements, a new type of high alumina cements for use in highway and bridge-deck patching applications. Five blends of cement were tested and two promising blends were identified. Data suggest that these cements can be developed into an excellent high early strength highway patching material. 44 pages. SHRP-ID/UFR-92-607 Smart Structural Technology for Nondestructive Evaluation of Concrete Identifies two specific applications for use of tagged particles in construction materials for long-term condition assessment and quality control. These particles were tested in asphalt and portland cement concrete mixes. 43 pages. SHRP-ID/UFR-92-608 Identification of Chemical Agents for the Control of Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete Identifies a number of chemical compounds for their effectiveness in inhibiting alkali-silica reaction in concrete, either as admixtures in the concrete mix or as penetrating agents to stop further progress of the reaction in already-affected or damaged concrete. Two compounds, zinc sulfate and aluminum sulfate, were found to be effective admixtures for fresh concrete. Zinc sulfate also appeared to significantly reduce the subsequent expansion of mortar bars and could be a suitable penetrating agent for arresting alkali-silica reaction in hardened concrete. 60 pages. SHRP-ID/UFR-92-609 A Literature Review of Time-Deterioration Prediction Techniques Reviews existing deterioration models used to predict corrosion-related deterioration on reinforced concrete bridges. The model information was developed using condition ratings provided by technician-inspectors, who performed visual surveys in accordance with the National Bridge Inspection Standards. Discussion of the models illuminates equation definitions, research parameters and life-cycle cost analyses. Includes an annotated bibliography. 150 pages. SHRP-C/UFR-92-613 Freeze-Thaw Resistance in Concrete--An Annotated Bibliography Contains over 550 citations relevant to freezing and thawing of concrete. Studies on the mechanism of frost action, as well as case histories and laboratory investigations, are provided. Literature from research on ceramics, geology, physics, and soil physics provides insight into moisture movement and ice crystal growth in frost heave and cracking of porous solids. Entries are alphabetical by author or agency, with author and subject indexes. 227 pages. SHRP-C/UFR-92-617 Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Components Describes a two-year investigation of cathodic protection systems installed on interstate highway bridges in North America. The performance of 287 systems was reviewed through analysis of questionnaire responses and select field investigations. 80 pages. SHRP-C/UWP-92-618 Evaluation of Norcure Process for Electrochemical Chloride Removal Provides an analysis of the rate and total amount of chloride removed, the corrosive state of the steel before and after the process, the effects on the concrete, and other aspects of the installations. Comparisons are made to slabs used in other SHRP research on electrochemical chloride removal and protection of concrete bridge components. 31 pages. SHRP-C-620 Development of Metallic Coatings for Corrosion Protection of Steel Rebar Demonstrates the feasibility of applying a silicon-based diffusion coating on steel reinforcement bar, wires, and fibers. Compared to fusion-bonded epoxy coatings or galvanized bars, the silicon coating provided better resistance in aggressive chloride environments, at a lower cost and improved scratch resistance. 44 pages. SHRP-C-622 Concrete Components Packing Handbook Data are based upon a computer model of dry-packed, monosized particles. The model describes similar dry packing of powders with varying size distributions in terms of the Rosin-Rammler D' coefficient. It has been successfully applied to the system cement/fine aggregate/coarse aggregate and has modeled various recommended concrete formulations. The results theoretically support the location of recommended concrete formulations in a region of ternary particle mixing, which possesses the maximum dry packing density. 161 pages. SHRP-C-624 Maturity Model and Curing Technology Proposes a new method for determining concrete maturity based on kinetic models of cement hydration employing short-term measurements of heat generated during hydration using isothermal calorimetry. The method uses Computer Interactive Maturity System software. The interrelationship of heat generation, maturity and strength development can be used to predict thermal conditions and strength gain in concrete during curing. 86 pages. SHRP-C-625 Development of Transient Permeability Theory and Apparatus for Measurements of Cementitious Materials A permeability apparatus was designed and constructed that would allow a rapid and accurate measurement of water transport in concrete. The test specimen acts as a permeable membrane between the two pressurized, large-volume reservoirs. Very rapid measurements are possible for specimens possessing permeabilities on the order of a microdarcy to a nanodarcy. In order to measure permeabilities below a nanodarcy, however, the problems of establishing pressure equilibration throughout the test specimen becomes more difficult. 30 pages. SHRP-C-627 Concrete Microstructure Porosity and Permeability A model was developed to relate porosity to permeability. This model is based on knowledge gained from previous work, as well as experimental and theoretical input from the present program. A linear combination of lognormal distribution may be used to define the pore structure. 86 pages. SHRP-C-628 Cement Paste Aggregate Interface Microstructure The interfacial region of portland cement concrete is considered more porous than the paste itself. This interface could act both as a localized "weakness" where fractures are initiated and as an avenue of attack for aggressive chemical agents. Computer simulations demonstrated that efficiency with which particles pack against the aggregate during mixing influences the nature and strength of the interfacial region as it develops. 76 pages. SHRP-C-629 Electrochemical Chloride Removal and Protection of Concrete Bridge Components: Laboratory Studies Investigates the feasibility of electrochemical removal and concurrent protection as a rehabilitation option for concrete bridge structures. Chloride removal process procedures were developed and the effects of the process on structural concrete integrity and reinforcing steel were studied. 201 pages. SHRP-S-657 Concrete Bridge Protection and Rehabilitation: Chemical and Physical Techniques--Field Validation Covers the field application and short-term corrosion performance of six trial installations of two inhibitor-modified concrete systems. The installations were applied to both deck and substructure components in a range of environments. Both pre- and post-treatment corrosion assessments were performed to estimate the corrosion performance of inhibitor modified concrete systems, including visual inspections, delamination surveys, cover depth surveys, chloride contamination levels, corrosion potential measurements, and corrosion current measurements. 67 pages. SHRP-S-658 Concrete Microscopy Concrete microstructure can be evaluated by using both thin and polished sections. Methods described in this report were developed as a supplement to ASTM 856 procedures. The use of an epoxy resin containing a fluorescent dye enhanced porosity and mechanical features such as interface porosity and cracking. Relationships of formulation and microstructure for a series of nineteen concrete samples are presented. An operator can use the epoxy impregnation technique for developmental and forensic purposes, to more easily observe effects of making and formulation on homogeneity, and the relationship of cracking and secondary hydration products in deteriorated concrete, respectively. 106 pages. SHRP-C-662 Concrete Bridge Protection and Rehabilitation: Chemical and Physical Techniques--Price and Cost Information Provides an essential component in the process of determining life-cycle costs for ranking alternative techniques for concrete bridge protection and rehabilitation. Data were collected from highway agencies in all major geographic regions. Where some new techniques did not have historical data, classical engineering estimating procedures were used. 270 pages. SHRP-S-664 Concrete Bridge Protection and Rehabilitation: Chemical and Physical Techniques--Feasibility Studies of New Rehabilitation Techniques Examines chemical methods for corrosion protection of reinforcing steel in concrete bridges. A broad spectrum of chemicals was evaluated, including corrosion inhibitors, chloride scavengers, and polyaphrons. 170 pages. SHRP-S-665 Concrete Bridge Protection and Rehabilitation: Chemical and Physical Techniques--Corrosion Inhibitors and Polymers Discusses the improvement of existing nonelectrochemical methods for protecting and rehabilitating chloride-contaminated concrete with and without concrete removal and the development of new methods. Five corrosion inhibitors were evaluated and service lives were estimated for the two most effective treatments. Asphalt portland cement concrete composite was designed and evaluated, and compared with hot-mix asphalts and portland cement concrete for strength properties, resistance to freeze-thaw, and resistance to chloride intrusion. 248 pages. SHRP-S-666 Concrete Bridge Protection and Rehabilitation: Chemical and Physical Techniques--Service Life Estimates Defines the end of service life for reinforced concrete bridge components exposed to chloride-laden environments; categorizes corrosive environments; and defines the end of functional service life of untreated bridge decks and substructures. Fifty-two bridge decks in various environments were assessed; data collected include chloride contents, cover depths, potentials, corrosion current density estimates, and damaged area measurements. Models were developed to estimate and compare service life of untreated and rehabilitated bridge decks with models based on historical data and time-to-rehabilitate models. SHRP-S-668 Electrochemical Chloride Removal and Protection of Concrete Bridge Components--Field Trials Discusses the results of field validation trials based on laboratory procedures for electrochemical chloride removal completed on a bridge deck, column substructures, and a bridge abutment within North America. 149 pages. SHRP-S-669 Control Criteria and Materials Performance Studies for Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Demonstrates through mathematical models the feasibility of improved and simplified control criteria for cathodic protection of concrete structures. The models were developed to establish concentration profiles that develop as a result of cathodic protection current and to study current distribution, which results from geometric factors. 260 pages. SHRP-S-670 New Cathodic Protection Installations Presents survey information collected for 36 cathodic protection systems in North America in 1991 and 1992. Eight structures using different cathodic protection systems in different environments were selected for detailed monitoring. 120 pages. SHRP-S-671 Fiber-Optic Air Meter Discusses a three-phase program to evaluate both acrylate-filled and diamond-tipped fiber optic air meter probes, as well as to gather and evaluate test results comparing fiber optic measurements of entrained air in concrete mix to gravimetric and volumetric measuring methods. 64 pages. SHRP-C-677 (To view PDF files)      Adobe Access PDF to HTML conversion