SHRP Reports: Long-Term Pavement Performance Reports

Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) Publications Asphalt Reports Concrete and Strurctures Reports General Reports Highway Operations Reports ========================================================= LONG-TERM PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE REPORTS ========================================================= Distress Identification Manual for the Long-Term Pavement Performance Project By using this manual, accurate, consistent, and repeatable distress evaluation surveys can be performed. Color photographs and drawings illustrate the distresses found in three basic pavement types: asphalt concrete-surfaced; jointed (plain and reinforced) portland cement concrete; and continuously reinforced concrete. Drawings of the distress types aid as a reference for severity assessment, and detailed instructions tell how to measure the distresses. Describes how to conduct the distress survey, from obtaining traffic control to measuring the cracks in the pavement. Sample forms are included for data collection. Appendices tell how to calibrate and operate profile and fault measurement devices. 147 pages. SHRP-P-338 Manual for Profile Measurement: Operational Field Guidelines Describes procedures to be followed when measuring pavement profiles for the LTPP program using the K.J. Law Profilometer, Face Technologies Dipstick, and a rod and level. Field testing procedures, data collection procedures, calibration of equipment, record keeping, and maintenance of equipment for each of the profiling methods are described. 130 pages. SHRP-P-378 SHRP-LTPP Traffic Data Collection and Analysis: Five-Year Report Presents the evolution of the traffic data collection methodology by recounting the work of the SHRP Traffic Data Collection and Analysis Expert Task Group. Traffic load data was a key factor in the research conducted under the long-term pavement performance program. Automated vehicle classification and weigh-in-motion systems for the program are discussed. 39 pages. SHRP-P-386 SHRP-LTPP General Pavement Studies: Five-Year Report Documents the development, evolution, and current status of the general pavement studies. Pavement sites were planned with the goal to develop a database on materials, traffic, environment, and performance for many different types of pavements. 79 pages. SHRP-P-387 SHRP-LTPP International Participation: Five-Year Report A compilation of reports submitted by Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, India, Japan, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom about their support of SHRP's long-term pavement performance program. Appendices note the persons involved in the program and the research design of SHRP's pavement studies. 140 pp. SHRP-P-389 Early Analyses of LTPP General Pavement Studies Data: Executive Summary Reviews the development of a data analysis plan, including receipt and processing of data into suitable databases, using data to evaluate the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials design equations, identifying independent variables that have significant impact on pavement performance, and using the experience gained to recommend concepts for future data analyses. 32 pages. SHRP-P-392 Sensitivity Analyses for Selected Pavement Distresses A statistical method called sensitivity analysis was used to evaluate the extent to which variations in independent variables, such as traffic, layer thicknesses, and environment, affect dependent variables, such as rutting or spalling. This publication describes the development of suitable models for sensitivity analyses, the procedures for conducting such analyses, and the findings thereof. The relative sensitivity rankings indicate where more or less emphasis should be placed in mix design, structural design, and construction control. 341 pages. SHRP-P-393 Evaluation of the AASHTO Design Equations and Recommended Improvements Discusses analyses of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials pavement design equations for both new and overlaid pavements to improve the ability of highway engineers to design new and overlaid pavement structures. 214 pages. SHRP-P-394 SHRP-LTPP Specific Pavement Studies: Five-Year Report Discusses the development, evaluation, and status of nine studies involving about 100 test sites addressing the effects of structural factors, maintenance treatments, rehabilitation alternatives, environmental effects and asphalt concrete mixtures on pavement performance. 164 pages. SHRP-P-395 Ground Penetrating Radar Surveys to Characterize Pavement Layer Thickness Variations at GPS Sites Evaluates a new nondestructive, noncontact method for pavement layer thickness measurement. This method was implemented from a survey vehicle using horn antenna radar equipment coupled with PAVLAYER, a customized software program. Asphalt pavement sections in ten states were compared to core data in both a blind study and in a calibrated study. 50 pages. SHRP-P-397 SHRP-LTPP Overview: Five-Year Report This report describes the first five years of the SHRP-LTPP program: background, LTPP history, activities and approaches, and the decision-making processes. The report summarizes the general and the specific pavement studies; the characterization of pavement materials; monitoring activities; the LTPP database and information management system; data analysis; traffic data collection and analysis; and the contributions of international participants. The expected results, products, and benefits of the program are outlined. 315 pages. SHRP-P-416 LONG-TERM PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE REPORTS THAT RECEIVED LIMITED DISTRIBUTION ("UNPUBLISHED REPORTS") A Low-Cost, Fiber Optic Weigh-In-Motion Sensor A fiber-optic weigh-in-motion sensor was designed, manufactured, and tested in the laboratory for different load-frequency combinations. Statistical analyses of data were performed to assess the response of the sensor under varying load frequencies. A piezoelectric cable also was tested under varying load frequencies for comparison. 62 pages. SHRP-ID/UFR-90-002 Long-Term Pavement Performance: Proceedings of the SHRP Midcourse Assessment Meeting A collection of the long-term pavement performance papers and presentations from the SHRP Midcourse Assessment Meeting in Denver, Colorado, August 1-3, 1990. While not complete, these proceedings include presentation materials from each of the five technical workshops on pavement performance. 239 pages. SHRP-LTPP/UWP-91-514 A Study of Road Damage Due to Dynamic Wheel Loads Using a Load Measuring Mat Examines the performance and accuracy of a measuring mat for measuring the dynamic wheel loads generated by heavy commercial vehicles. The researchers developed a workable design for a multiple-sensor weigh-in-motion system for determining loads at actual highway speeds. 146 pages. SHRP-ID/UFR-91-518 Data Readability and Completeness FWDSCAN Version 1.30 Program Background and User's Guide Focuses on the FWDSCAN program for falling weight deflectometers. A detailed description of the program and its usage are given, including a complete printout of the computer source code. 28 pages. SHRP-LTPP/UWP-92-615 Soil Moisture Proficiency Sample Program Describes the development of a soil sample selection process based on the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials model. Laboratory results present the bias in determining moisture content in cohesive soil and base course aggregate samples. 146 pages. SHRP-P-619 Development of the LTPP Climatic Database Summarizes the development of the long-term pavement performance climatic database, including the identification and sources of data, selection and verification of weather stations, actual data retrieval from available sources, and data quality assurance. Future activities such as updates and expansion of the databases and the collection of ground-truth data are also discussed. 163 pages. SHRP-P-621 Analysis of Section Homogeneity, Non-Representative Test Pit and Section Data, and Structural Capacity (FWDCHECK Version 2.00) Volume I: Technical Report As part of the nondestructive deflection testing using falling weight deflectometers as a pavement monitoring tool, this report focuses on the technical documentation of the FWDCHECK program. The report provides detailed descriptions of the program including analyses, and algorithms used. 62 pages. SHRP-P-633 Analysis of Section Homogeneity, Non-Representative Test Pit and Section Data, and Structural Capacity (FWDCHECK Version 2.00) Volume II--Users' Guide Part of the nondestructive deflection testing using falling weight deflectometers as a pavement monitoring tool. This report contains a detailed description of the program usage. 41 pages. SHRP-P-634 Analysis of Section Homogeneity, Non-Representative Test Pit and Section Data, and Structural Capacity (FWDCHECK Version 2.00) Volume III--Program Listing Part of the nondestructive deflection testing using falling weight deflectometers as a pavement monitoring tool. This report provides a complete printout of the computer source code. 87 pages. SHRP-P-635 Portland Cement Concrete Core Proficiency Sample Program Describes the PCC Core Proficiency Sample Program designed to provide precision data concerning the static modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, splitting tensile strength, and compressive strength. 62 pages. SHRP-P-636 Comparison of the SHRP Profilometers Compares pavement profile data collected by four profilometers. The purpose of the comparison is to determine whether the profilometers can collect repeatable data with respect to each other as well as individually at a given site, and whether they are collecting accurate data. 153 pages. SHRP-P-639 Distress Interpretation from 35 mm Film for the LTPP Experiments Describes the use of high-resolution 35 mm black and white photographs and computer-assisted aids to enhance photographic interpretation for the collection of pavement data. These techniques provided full-length, detailed distress-specific condition data for pavement sections. These data were used in the development of pavement performance prediction models. 37 pages. SHRP-P-642 Layer Moduli Backcalculation Procedure: Software Selection Discusses the process of selecting and developing a backcalculation procedure and presents the outcome of the software evaluation portion of the study. Six programs were selected for detailed evaluation: ELCON, ILLI-BACK, ISSEM4, MODCOMP3, MODULUS and WESDEF. The selected software was evaluated using deflection data and other pertinent information obtained from pavement test sections. Backcalculation results were evaluated based on reasonableness, robustness and stability, goodness of fit, and general suitability. 286 pages. SHRP-P-651 Falling Weight Deflectometer Relative Calibration Analysis SHRP testing procedures require that each falling weight deflectometer (FWD) be calibrated on a regular basis. One aspect of this requirement is monthly relative calibration of the deflection measurement system. The FWDCAL software documented in this report was developed to perform these analyses. 105 pages. SHRP-P-652 Accreditation for the Long-Term Pavement Performance Studies Pavement Distress Raters Describes the accreditation process to ensure the quality and consistency of distress data collected by raters. The process consists of two parts--a written examination and a two-part field survey examination--and is administered in a workshop situation. 47 pages. SHRP-P-653 SHRP Procedure for Temperature Correction of Maximum Deflections Documents the temperature correction procedure developed for and used in the FWDCHECK program. The FWDCHECK program was developed to analyze deflection data. Asphaltic concrete materials are temperature dependent; measured deflections and hence the structural capacity of the pavement vary by temperature. This procedure corrects measured aximum deflections to a standard temperature required so that the comparison of predicted versus expected structural capacities is valid. 22 pages. SHRP-P-654 SHRP's Layer Moduli Backcalculation Procedures Deflection basin measurements for structural capacity evaluation were a key component of the long-term pavement performance program. Because there was no standard method for evaluating the structural capacity of flexible pavements from deflection standard data, a layer moduli backcalculation procedure was developed for analysis of deflection data. The procedure covers software and rules and guidelines for applying the program. 22 pages. SHRP-P-655 Photographic Pavement Distress Record Collection and Transverse Profile Analysis Documents the development of an automated pavement condition survey system designed to collect permanent, high-resolution records of pavement surface distress and transfer profile. SHRP chose to use PASCO USA's automated ROADRECON Survey systems. 113 pages. SHRP-P-660 Manual for FWD Testing in the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTTP) Program Documents the procedures to be followed in the conduct of the LTPP deflection testing. The report provides detailed testing programs for tests within each of the LTPP experiments developed to date, as well as field quality assurance and data handling guidelines. In addition, the SHRP FWD Calibration Protocol presented in Appendix A provides the first generally applicable, independent procedure for verifying and refining calibration of falling weight deflectometers. 158 pages. SHRP-P-661 Mechanistic Evaluation and Calibration of the AASHTO Design Equations and Mechanistic Analysis of the SHRP Asphalt Surfaced Pavement Sections Through tests of 243 artificial pavement sections with various layer properties, this report shows that mechanistic-based design equations produce more consistent pavement sections and that variations of their mechanistic responses are much less than those produced by the American Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials method. 232 pages. SHRP-P-678 Long-Term Pavement Performance Information Management System: Five-Year Report Explains the development of the LTPP information management system. The report describes and defines the current status of data collection elements, regional delineations, and system parameters that are part of the National Pavement Performance Database. 75 pages. SHRP-P-679 Early Analyses of Long-Term Pavement Performance General Pavement Studies Data: Lessons Learned and Recommendations for Future Analyses Reviews techniques used during early data analyses. Includes a discussion of the pavement performance database. Shortcomings and future expectations are identified. Development of distress and roughness prediction models illustrate effects of several design variables. 95 pages. SHRP-P-680 Early Analyses of LTPP General Pavement Studies Data: Data Processing and Evaluation Provides statistical data that may be used to characterize the nature of the data in the various general pavement studies data sets. 264 pages. SHRP-P-684 SHRP-LTPP Materials Characterization: Five-Year Report SHRP developed materials characterization programs for field sampling and for laboratory testing. This report documents the development and execution of these programs for both the general pavement studies and the specific pavement studies. Suggestions are given for future materials characterization as the long-term pavement performance program continues under the Federal Highway Administration. 174 pages. SHRP-P-687 SHRP-LTPP Data Analysis Studies: Five-Year Report This study sought to define an approach for the nvestigation and improvement of load equivalency factors. Improved load equivalency factors would provide information for decisions regarding cost allocation, pavement management, and maintenance and rehabilitation strategies. Such information is particularly helpful if the factors are specific to a particular distress and applicable to wider ranges of pavement structure and environmental conditions. This study used data from the general pavement studies; more extensive data analysis studies will follow in the years to come. 102 pages. SHRP-P-688 Evaluation of a Time Domain Reflectometry Technique for Seasonal Monitoring of Soil Moisture Content Under Road Pavement Test Sections An evaluation of the existing methods for reading time domain reflectometry traces to determine soil moisture content under road pavements. Various empirical equations were used to compare soil moisture values, and the effective seasonal moisture content for a test section was calculated and graphed. 194 pages. SHRP-P-689 Asphalt Concrete Synthetic Reference Sample Program and the LTPP Asphalt Concrete Core Proficiency Sample Program All laboratories conducting tests for the LTPP program were required to be accredited by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Accreditation Program (AAP). AAP includes site inspections of equipment and procedures, and participation in applicable proficiency sample testing. Since a few critical LTPP tests were not addressed fully by the AAP, supplemental testing was conducted. The asphalt concrete synthetic reference sample program and the asphalt concrete core proficiency sample program were among the supplemental programs approved for implementation. Worksheets, supporting data, analyses, final comments, and conclusions are presented. A complete set of proficiency sample statements in AASHTO/ASTM format are provided. 124 pages. SHRP-P-690 Round 1 Hot Mix Asphalt Laboratory Molded Proficiency Sample Program As with SHRP-P-690, this work was performed because the AAP did not address a few critical long-term pavement performance tests. The Hot Mix Asphalt Laboratory Molded Proficiency Sample Program was one of those supplemental tests. Round 1 testing provided within and among laboratory diametral resilient modulus data for tests performed in accordance with SHRP Test Protocol P07. The objectives included drafting single operator and multi-laboratory test precision statements in testing proficiency status for SHRP laboratories and preserving test sample information for future analysis. Worksheets, supporting data, analyses, final comments, and conclusions are presented. A complete set of proficiency sample statements in AASHTO and ASTM format is provided. 92 pages. SHRP-P-691 Round 1 Type 1 Unbound Granular Base Course Proficiency Sample Program SHRP Protocol 46, "Resilient Modulus of Unbound Granular Base/Subbase Materials and Subgrade Soils," was the specified procedure for laboratories performing resilient modulus tests on research samples of unbound granular base course material obtained from long-term pavement performance field sites. P46 requires a triaxial pressure cell component, a closed loop electro-hydraulic repeated load component, and certain load and specimen response control, measurement, and recording components. Two elements of the supplemental testing were specially important: verification that the system is calibrated and yielding reasonable results, and a practical means of performing quality checks on a daily or more frequent basis. A set of eight test samples was shipped to each of nine participating laboratories together with appropriate instructions. All participants were required to complete testing of the Type I synthetic reference sample set prior to testing the Round 1 proficiency samples. Worksheets, supporting data, analyses, final comments, and conclusions are presented. A complete set of proficiency sample statements in American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials/American Society for Testing and Materials format is provided. 108 pages. SHRP-P-692 Type II Unbound Cohesive Subgrade Soil Synthetic Reference Sample Program This research also used SHRP Protocol 46, "Resilient Modulus of Unbound Granular Base/Subbase Materials and Subgrade Soils" (see description, SHRP-P-692), and was conducted for the same reasons as described in the abstract for SHRP-P-690. A set of three synthetic reference samples was acquired, and instructions for testing were prepared. The set was circulated to 14 participating laboratories for testing. Worksheets, supporting data, analyses, final comments, and conclusions are presented. A complete set of proficiency sample statements in American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials/American Society for Testing and Materials format is provided. 104 pages. SHRP-P-693 Type 1 Unbound Granular Base Synthetic Reference Sample Program As with SHRP-P-690, this work was performed because the AAP did not address a few critical LTPP tests. This research also used SHRP Protocol 46, "Resilient Modulus of Unbound Granular Base/Subbase Materials and Subgrade Soils (see description, SHRP-P-692). Includes worksheets, supporting data, analyses, final comments, and conclusions. A complete set of proficiency sample statements in American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials/American Society for Testing and Materials format is provided. 152 pages. SHRP-P-694 Round 1 Type II Unbound Cohesive Subgrade Soil Proficiency Sample Program As with SHRP-P-690, this work was performed because the AAP did not address a few critical LTPP tests. This research used SHRP Protocol 46, "Resilient Modulus of Unbound Granular Base/Subbase Materials and Subgrade Soils (see description, SHRP-P-692). Includes worksheets, supporting data, analyses, final comments, and conclusions. A complete set of proficiency sample statements in American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials/American Society for Testing and Materials format is provided. 108 pages. SHRP-P-695 SHRP-LTPP Monitoring Data: Five-Year Report A summary of the LTPP monitoring data collection activities as of the fifth year of the 20-year research program. The pavement conditioning monitoring data included identification of surface distress, profile measurements, deflection testing results, and surface friction measurements. The report also describes traffic, climate, maintenance, rehabilitation, and seasonal monitoring and data collection. 102 pages. SHRP-P-696 (To view PDF files)      Adobe Access PDF to HTML conversion