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Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis Reports

Syntheses report on the state of the practice based on literature reviews and surveys of recent activities in critical areas. Syntheses also inform transit managers about innovations being used by others to solve problems.

Paratransit Fleet Configurations Paratransit Fleet Configurations
TCRP Synthesis 174
March 01, 2024
The increase in the population of older adults who are ambulatory but are eligible to use paratransit has increased the demand for paratransit service delivery. This growth has, in turn, led some transit agencies to move away from standard one-vehicle type fleets in favor of a mixed fleet incorporating smaller accessible vehicles and non-accessible vehicles (generally sedans). TCRP Synthesis 174: ...

Transit Exclusion Policies in Public Transportation Systems Transit Exclusion Policies in Public Transportation Systems
TCRP Synthesis 173
January 23, 2024
Many operators of passenger public transportation maintain an exclusion or trespass policy that effectively bans violators from using the system for a period of time in conjunction with, or in lieu of, other penalties related to the violation. Exclusion policies vary in scope, qualifiers, purpose, and approach. TCRP Synthesis 173: Transit Exclusion Policies in Public Transportation Systems , ...

Statewide Approaches to the Development of Comprehensive Transit Information Systems Statewide Approaches to the Development of Comprehensive Transit Information Systems
TCRP Synthesis 172
December 11, 2023
Over the past several years, a number of state departments of transportation (DOTs) and a few metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) have taken on the role of developing statewide/regionwide transit information systems that are intended to collect comprehensive information about the availability of transit services and their attributes. TCRP Synthesis 172: Statewide Approaches to the Developme...

Third-Party Contracts for Fixed-Route Bus Operations and Maintenance: Performance Metrics Third-Party Contracts for Fixed-Route Bus Operations and Maintenance: Performance Metrics
TCRP Synthesis 171
June 05, 2023
Transit agencies can provide fixed-route bus transit services through direct operation, contracting out to a third party, or a combination of both. Contracting out can be done to another transit agency or a private firm, and may include specific modes, routes, or garages. The quality and cost efficiency of outsourced service depend on local, contractual, and managerial factors. TCRP Synthesis 171:...

Inclusive Public Participation in Transit Decision-Making Inclusive Public Participation in Transit Decision-Making
TCRP Synthesis 170
March 30, 2023
Each transit agency must integrate into its public participation plan the strategies, procedures, and outcomes that will ensure participation of their entire communities, including people of color, people with disabilities, and low-income populations, among others, when dealing with its transportation planning issues. This requirement is established under federal laws and regulations. The TRB Tran...

Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety in Bus Rapid Transit and High-Priority Bus Corridors Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety in Bus Rapid Transit and High-Priority Bus Corridors
TCRP Synthesis 169
April 12, 2023
High-quality bus rapid transit (BRT) is not only about designing bus stops and stations that make access easier and more efficient. It is also about pedestrian and bicyclist accommodations along the bus routes. In some places, BRT systems are safer than other bus services, but this is not always the case. Specific design elements to improve pedestrian and bicycle safety are almost always decided o...

Continuous Dynamic Optimization: Impacts on ADA Paratransit Services Continuous Dynamic Optimization: Impacts on ADA Paratransit Services
TCRP Synthesis 168
February 16, 2023
Continuous dynamic optimization (CDO), as applied to Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) paratransit services, is an automated process by which a scheduling and dispatching technology continuously or frequently considers additional trips just booked, changes to booked trips, cancellations, and day-of-service events to solve problems or to take advantage of opportunities. In view of those changes...

Partnerships for Equitable Pandemic Response and Recovery Partnerships for Equitable Pandemic Response and Recovery
TCRP Synthesis 167
February 07, 2023
The COVID-19 pandemic had a disproportionate impact on historically marginalized communities—including Black, Latino, and low-income individuals, as well as older adults, and people with chronic health conditions or disabilities. As transit agencies build toward recovery and rethink or reimagine their operations, they might consider grounding their decision-making in equity principles.   ...

On-Street Bus Operations Management On-Street Bus Operations Management
TCRP Synthesis 166
December 16, 2022
New technologies, especially automatic vehicle location (AVL) systems, provide much more real-time information on bus locations than had previously been available. Theoretically, availability of this information can be expected to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of on-street bus operations management. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 166: On-Street Bus Operati...

Customer Education and Awareness of On-Demand Mobility Customer Education and Awareness of On-Demand Mobility
TCRP Synthesis 165
January 19, 2023
For transit agencies launching new on-demand services that are different from typical fixed route or demand-responsive routes, there can be issues in customer awareness of the service or comfort level with using it for travel. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 165: Customer Education and Awareness of On-Demand Mobility documents current practices in how on-demand servic...

Bus Rapid Transit: Current State of Practice Bus Rapid Transit: Current State of Practice
TCRP Synthesis 164
May 27, 2022
Bus rapid transit (BRT) and BRT light continue to interest transit agencies in the United States, and these agencies continue to struggle with many facets that go into the implementation of BRT operations, infrastructure, and services. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 164: Bus Rapid Transit: Current State of Practice documents the current practices and lessons learned ...

Considering the Unbanked in Cashless Fare Payment at Point of Service for Bus/Demand-Response Services Considering the Unbanked in Cashless Fare Payment at Point of Service for Bus/Demand-Response Services
TCRP Synthesis 163
May 19, 2022
In recent years, many transit systems have been considering the benefits and challenges of moving to completely cashless fare payments and trying to find innovative solutions to help all their customers. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 163: Considering the Unbanked in Cashless Fare Payment at Point of Service for Bus/Demand-Response Services is designed to help inform...

Coordination of Public Transit Services and Investments with Affordable Housing Policies Coordination of Public Transit Services and Investments with Affordable Housing Policies
TCRP Synthesis 162
March 23, 2022
The nexus of transit with affordable housing, in some ways, is fundamental to transit’s very existence. Public transit provides a lower-cost mobility option for those who cannot or do not have a personal automobile to access regional destinations, including jobs, schools, and essential services. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 162: Coordination of Public Transit Servi...

ADA Paratransit and Other Demand-Responsive Transportation Services in Small to Midsized Transit Agencies ADA Paratransit and Other Demand-Responsive Transportation Services in Small to Midsized Transit Agencies
TCRP Synthesis 161
February 23, 2022
ADA paratransit demand continues to grow while resources are dwindling. Because of this, transit agencies continue to explore models to more effectively meet the demand. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 161: ADA Paratransit and Other Demand-Responsive Transportation Services in Small to Midsized Transit Agencies explores paratransit delivery models for small and midsiz...

Fare Capping: Balancing Revenue and Equity Impacts Fare Capping: Balancing Revenue and Equity Impacts
TCRP Synthesis 160
February 25, 2022
Transit agencies in the United States are beginning to experiment with fare caps to ensure that passengers who pay for single rides do not pay more than multiple-ride passes included in their fare structure. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 160: Fare Capping: Balancing Revenue and Equity Impacts includes a review of the literature; a survey of 35 North American transit...

Assessing Equity and Identifying Impacts Associated with Bus Network Redesigns Assessing Equity and Identifying Impacts Associated with Bus Network Redesigns
TCRP Synthesis 159
February 07, 2022
Numerous transit agencies, of all sizes, have undertaken bus network redesigns across the United States and Canada over the past decade. The importance of incorporating equity considerations in the planning process is an emerging topic that is rapidly evolving, especially since 2020. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 159: Assessing Equity and Identifying Impacts Associa...

Cybersecurity in Transit Systems Cybersecurity in Transit Systems
TCRP Synthesis 158
January 26, 2022
The COVID-19 pandemic is having a profound effect on every infrastructure sector in North America, including transit systems, and on the information technology and operational technology systems that are embedded in their ongoing operations. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 158: Cybersecurity in Transit Systems identifies and documents emerging cybersecurity trends rel...

Transit Safety Risk Assessment Methodologies Transit Safety Risk Assessment Methodologies
TCRP Synthesis 157
December 31, 2021
Risk management is the central element of the safety management system (SMS). Identifying, assessing, analyzing, mitigating, communicating, and documenting are all steps in an effective risk management program. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 157: Transit Safety Risk Assessment Methodologies is designed to help the transit industry better understand current and new in...

Uses of Social Media in Public Transportation Uses of Social Media in Public Transportation
TCRP Synthesis 156
January 03, 2022
A high percentage of transit agencies believe social media is important for increasing ridership, improving customer satisfaction, and improving agency image. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 156: Uses of Social Media in Public Transportation updates 2012's TCRP Synthesis 99: Uses of Social Media in Public Transportation and again explores the use of social media among...

Intelligent Transportation Systems in Headway-Based Bus Service Intelligent Transportation Systems in Headway-Based Bus Service
TCRP Synthesis 155
April 30, 2021
Intelligent transportation systems and, in particular, computer-aided dispatch and automatic vehicle location (CAD/AVL), have become quasi-universal in urban bus operations and support a variety of functions. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 155: Intelligent Transportation Systems in Headway-Based Bus Service synthesizes the current state of the practice of headway-bas...



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