 Paratransit Fleet ConfigurationsMarch 1, 2024 The increase in the population of older adults who are ambulatory but are eligible to use paratransit has increased the demand for paratransit service delivery. This growth has, in turn, led some transit agencies to move away from standard one-vehicle type fleets in favor of a mixed fleet incorpo...
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 Transit Exclusion Policies in Public Transportation SystemsJanuary 23, 2024 Many operators of passenger public transportation maintain an exclusion or trespass policy that effectively bans violators from using the system for a period of time in conjunction with, or in lieu of, other penalties related to the violation. Exclusion policies vary in scope, qualifiers, pu...
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 Inclusive Public Participation in Transit Decision-MakingMarch 30, 2023 Each transit agency must integrate into its public participation plan the strategies, procedures, and outcomes that will ensure participation of their entire communities, including people of color, people with disabilities, and low-income populations, among others, when dealing with its transport...
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 Continuous Dynamic Optimization: Impacts on ADA Paratransit ServicesFebruary 16, 2023 Continuous dynamic optimization (CDO), as applied to Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) paratransit services, is an automated process by which a scheduling and dispatching technology continuously or frequently considers additional trips just booked, changes to booked trips, cancellations, and ...
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 Partnerships for Equitable Pandemic Response and RecoveryFebruary 7, 2023 The COVID-19 pandemic had a disproportionate impact on historically marginalized communities—including Black, Latino, and low-income individuals, as well as older adults, and people with chronic health conditions or disabilities. As transit agencies build toward recovery and rethink or reimagine ...
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 On-Street Bus Operations ManagementDecember 16, 2022 New technologies, especially automatic vehicle location (AVL) systems, provide much more real-time information on bus locations than had previously been available. Theoretically, availability of this information can be expected to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of on-street bus operatio...
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 Customer Education and Awareness of On-Demand MobilityJanuary 19, 2023 For transit agencies launching new on-demand services that are different from typical fixed route or demand-responsive routes, there can be issues in customer awareness of the service or comfort level with using it for travel. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 165: Cus...
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 Bus Rapid Transit: Current State of PracticeMay 27, 2022 Bus rapid transit (BRT) and BRT light continue to interest transit agencies in the United States, and these agencies continue to struggle with many facets that go into the implementation of BRT operations, infrastructure, and services. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis...
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 Fare Capping: Balancing Revenue and Equity ImpactsFebruary 25, 2022 Transit agencies in the United States are beginning to experiment with fare caps to ensure that passengers who pay for single rides do not pay more than multiple-ride passes included in their fare structure. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 160: Fare Capping: Balancin...
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 Assessing Equity and Identifying Impacts Associated with Bus Network RedesignsFebruary 7, 2022 Numerous transit agencies, of all sizes, have undertaken bus network redesigns across the United States and Canada over the past decade. The importance of incorporating equity considerations in the planning process is an emerging topic that is rapidly evolving, especially since 2020. The TRB Tran...
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 Cybersecurity in Transit SystemsJanuary 26, 2022 The COVID-19 pandemic is having a profound effect on every infrastructure sector in North America, including transit systems, and on the information technology and operational technology systems that are embedded in their ongoing operations. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Syn...
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 Transit Safety Risk Assessment MethodologiesDecember 31, 2021 Risk management is the central element of the safety management system (SMS). Identifying, assessing, analyzing, mitigating, communicating, and documenting are all steps in an effective risk management program. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 157: Transit Safety Risk...
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 Uses of Social Media in Public TransportationJanuary 3, 2022 A high percentage of transit agencies believe social media is important for increasing ridership, improving customer satisfaction, and improving agency image. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 156: Uses of Social Media in Public Transportation updates 2012's TCRP Synth...
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 Intelligent Transportation Systems in Headway-Based Bus ServiceApril 30, 2021 Intelligent transportation systems and, in particular, computer-aided dispatch and automatic vehicle location (CAD/AVL), have become quasi-universal in urban bus operations and support a variety of functions. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 155: Intelligent Transport...
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 Innovative Practices for Transit Planning at Small to Mid-Sized AgenciesMay 26, 2021 Diverse small and mid-sized transit agencies are very interested in finding solutions for their transit planning challenges. They will benefit from seeing how similar agencies deal with their transit service issues. Large transit agencies could also apply what is learned to sub-areas in their tra...
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 Maintenance Planning for Rail Asset Management—Current PracticesDecember 2, 2020 The occurrence of rail defects, broken rails, and broken rail derailments is consistent with the rate of development found in other studies that look at larger populations of rail defects. Likewise, the larger and more heavily used transit systems develop increased levels of defects, which is aga...
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 Third Rail Insulator Failures: Current State of the PracticeNovember 30, 2020 Third rail systems provide traction power to electrified rail systems in many parts of the world, including the United States, and encounter problems such as failures that need to be investigated and remediated. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 150: Third Rail Insulat...
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 Transit Signal Priority: Current State of the PracticeMay 20, 2020 Public transit buses face many operational challenges—especially when operating on the same streets and roads as other vehicles. Buses can be slowed by traffic congestion and get repeatedly caught at traffic lights, slowing buses down and delaying both passengers on board and passengers waiting a...
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 Business Models for Mobile Fare AppsApril 29, 2020 Five different business models for mobile fare payment apps are examined, as the world of apps used by transit agencies in the United States and Canada continues to steadily grow. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 148: Business Models for Mobile Fare Apps documents cur...
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 Attracting, Retaining, and Advancing Women in TransitMarch 11, 2020 Women have traditionally been underrepresented within the transit workforce. However, the percentage of women within transit agencies appears to be increasing, and many transit agencies report that the percentage of women advancing into management and leadership positions has also been increasing...
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 Transit Security PreparednessApril 1, 2020 Sixty percent of the transit-industry practitioners surveyed rate their transit agency’s efforts to address their major security challenges as somewhat or very successful. However, only 25 percent say they have implemented any security-risk-reduction program that they consider to be exceptional o...
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 Multimodal Fare Payment IntegrationMarch 2, 2020 Nearly all transit agencies are seeing potential benefits to multimodal payment convergence. However, many agencies find that implementing necessary upgrades is cost-prohibitive, which is the biggest barrier to full adoption. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 144: Mult...
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 Managing the Transit Scheduling WorkforceMay 8, 2019 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 143: Managing the Transit Scheduling Workforce examines how transit agencies are recruiting, training, developing, and retaining schedulers. In the case where transit agencies use third parties to create schedules, the report also shows ...
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 Implementing the U.S. DOT Reasonable Modification RuleApril 12, 2019 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 142: Implementing the U.S. DOT Reasonable Modification Rule provides an overview of the current state of practice regarding transit systems implementation of the U.S. Department of Transportation’s (DOT’s) Americans with Disabilities Act...
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 Comprehensive Bus Network RedesignsJune 14, 2019 TCRP Synthesis 140: Comprehensive Bus Network Redesigns provides an overview of the current state of practice regarding comprehensive bus network redesign. The study examines practices among agencies of different sizes, geographic locations, and modes. The report captures the many components that...
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 Transit Service Evaluation StandardsMay 1, 2019 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 139: Transit Service Evaluation Standards provides an overview of the purpose, use, and application of performance measures, service evaluation standards, and data collection methods at North American transit agencies. The report address...
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 Public Transit Rider Origin–Destination Survey Methods and TechnologiesApril 18, 2019 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 138: Public Transit Rider Origin–Destination Survey Methods and Technologies captures the state of the practice among agencies of different sizes, geographic locations, and modes and evaluates the opportunities for and challenges of cond...
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 Microgrids and Their Application for Airports and Public Transit August 17, 2018 TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) and Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) have released a joint report, ACRP Synthesis 91 / TCRP Synthesis 137: Microgrids and Their Application for Airports and Public Transit. The report describes microgrids that airports and public transi...
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 Contracting Fixed-Route Bus Transit ServiceApril 25, 2018 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 136: Contracting Fixed-Route Bus Transit Service documents the state of the practice in contracting bus services. Today many transit agencies contract out their fixed-route bus transit services; however, there is not enough research that...
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 ADA Paratransit Service ModelsApril 17, 2018 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 135: ADA Paratransit Service Models provides information about current Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) compliant paratransit service models and the underlying reasons why specific transit agencies have opted to keep or change their...
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 Customer-Focused Service Guarantees and Transparency PracticesMarch 29, 2018 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 134: Customer-Focused Service Guarantees and Transparency Practices documents the nature and prevalence of customer-focused practices among transit providers in North America and supplements the discussion by including information from E...
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 Administration of ADA Paratransit Eligibility Appeal ProgramsMarch 30, 2018 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 133: Administration of ADA Paratransit Eligibility Appeal Programs identifies ADA eligibility appeal processes and documents current practices of transit systems. ADA paratransit eligibility appeal programs allow appellants the opportuni...
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 Public Transit and BikesharingApril 9, 2018 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 132: Public Transit and Bikesharing explores cooperative transit and bikesharing relationships and documents the experiences of transit systems with bikesharing as a mode. An increasing number of transit agencies have developed cooperati...
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 College Student Transit Pass ProgramsMarch 9, 2018 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 131: College Student Transit Pass Programs focuses on the relationship established between transit agencies and universities and colleges, and documents current state of the practice to better develop and evaluate college student transit...
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 Battery Electric Buses—State of the PracticeMarch 22, 2018 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 130: Battery Electric Buses—State of the Practice documents current practices of transit systems in the planning, procurement, infrastructure installation, operation, and maintenance of battery electric buses (BEBs). The synthesis is int...
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 Managing Extreme Weather at Bus StopsMay 29, 2017 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 129: Managing Extreme Weather at Bus Stops documents current practices of transit systems to determine methods and procedures used for maintaining transit stops and associated infrastructure during and following such weather events. This...
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 Practices for Evaluating the Economic Impacts and Benefits of TransitApril 17, 2017 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 128: Practices for Evaluating the Economic Impacts and Benefits of Transit provides state-of-the-practice information for transit agencies to help them in incorporating economic benefits and impacts into their decision-making processes, ...
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 Addressing Difficult Customer SituationsMarch 1, 2017 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 127: Addressing Difficult Customer Situations considers issues surrounding difficult customers or passengers and the variety of circumstances that can arise when they utilize transit system facilities or vehicles. The report identifies c...
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 Multiagency Electronic Fare Payment SystemsMarch 27, 2017 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 125: Multiagency Electronic Fare Payment Systems describes the current practice, challenges, and benefits of utilizing electronic fare payment systems (EFPS), such as smart cards. This synthesis reviews current systems and identifies the...
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 Onboard Camera Applications for BusesJune 22, 2016 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 123: Onboard Camera Applications for Buses explores the current technologies, research, and opportunities for use. The report also provides examples of how surveillance systems are used to improve operations, safety, security, training, ...
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 Transit Supportive Parking Policies and Programs June 23, 2016 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 122: Transit Supportive Parking Policies and Programs documents transit agency parking policies and parking management at transit stations using three primary resources: a scan of current research on transit supportive parking policies, ...
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 Transit Agency Practices in Interacting with People Who Are Homeless March 14, 2016 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 121: Transit Agency Practices in Interacting with People Who Are Homeless reports on effective practices, approaches, and outcomes regarding interactions within the transit industry with people who are homeless. A literature review summa...
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 Use of Automotive Service Excellence Tests Within TransitApril 14, 2016 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 120: Use of Automotive Service Excellence Tests Within Transit documents how the Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) program is accepted and used within the transit bus maintenance community. The ASE program is nationally recognized as t...
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 Practices for Utility Coordination in Transit ProjectsApril 10, 2015 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 118: Practices for Utility Coordination in Transit Projects summarizes utility coordination practices at transit agencies around the country. Specifically, the report focuses on utility coordination issues that transit agencies undertake...
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 Better On-Street Bus StopsApril 4, 2015 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 117: Better On-Street Bus Stops explores major issues and successful approaches to address on-street bus stops from both the transit agency’s perspective and customer's perspective. It documents the current state of the practice with reg...
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 Practices for Establishing ADA Paratransit Eligibility Assessment FacilitiesMarch 24, 2015 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 116: Practices for Establishing ADA Paratransit Eligibility Assessment Facilities examines practices that transit agencies use to determine if a user is eligible for paratransit under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Specifical...
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 Open Data: Challenges and Opportunities for Transit AgenciesMarch 2, 2015 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 115: Open Data: Challenges and Opportunities for Transit Agencies documents the current state of the practice in the use, policies, and impact of open data for improving transit planning, service quality, and treatment of customer inform...
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 Critical Incident Management and Clearance Practices for Rail TransitApril 12, 2015 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 114: Critical Incident Management and Clearance Practices for Rail Transit summarizes the current state of the practice regarding incident response and identifies strategies for post-incident evaluations.
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 Maintaining Transit Effectiveness Under Major Financial Constraints July 27, 2014 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 112: Maintaining Transit Effectiveness Under Major Financial Constraints discusses transit agencies that implemented plans to increase their cost effectiveness and how the agencies communicated with their communities during challenging f...
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 Optimizing Bus WarrantyApril 10, 2014 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 111: Optimizing Bus Warranty explores how some transit agencies address key aspects of their warranty programs. The report examines the steps taken to more accurately monitor warranty coverage periods, optimize the warranty process, and ...
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 Commonsense Approaches for Improving Transit Bus SpeedsMarch 19, 2014 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 110: Commonsense Approaches for Improving Transit Bus Speeds explores approaches transit agencies have taken to realize gains in average bus speeds. The report also identifies metrics pertaining to measures such as changes in travel spee...
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 System-Specific Spare Bus Ratios UpdateApril 15, 2014 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 109: System-Specific Spare Bus Ratios Update documents successful practices in the United States and Canada, and presents information on efforts employed to achieve optimal bus fleet size and effective spare bus ratios. The synthesis is ...
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 Transit Bus Operator Distraction PoliciesOctober 11, 2013 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 108: Transit Bus Operator Distraction Policies is designed to help transit agencies develop policies and programs to address and prevent distracted driving incidents.
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 Rail Transit Track Inspection PracticesMay 6, 2014 TRBs Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 107: TCRP Synthesis 107, Rail Transit Track Inspection Practices offers information across a range of older and newer U.S. rail transit agencies on track inspection practices and policies. Since there are no actual rail track safety or ma...
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 Energy Savings Strategies for Transit AgenciesJuly 31, 2013 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 106: Energy Savings Strategies for Transit Agencies describes energy reduction strategies being used in the United State and Canada that address vehicle technologies; vehicle operations, maintenance, and service design; non-revenue vehic...
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 Use of Market Research Panels in TransitJune 11, 2013 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 105: Use of Market Research Panels in Transit describes the various types of market research panels, identifies issues that researchers should be aware of when engaging in market research and panel surveys, and provides examples of succe...
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 Use of Electronic Passenger Information Signage in TransitJune 4, 2013 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 104: Use of Electronic Passenger Information Signage in Transit documents U.S. and international use of electronic passenger information signage in terms of the underlying technology, sign technology, characteristics of the information, ...
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 Transit Station and Stop Adoption ProgramsMay 1, 2013 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 103: Transit Station and Stop Adoption Programs explores transit agency programs in which local organizations, individuals, or other partners “adopt” a transit station or stop and receive recognition or incentives in exchange for, period...
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 Integrating Passenger Ferry Service with Mass TransitApril 4, 2013 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 102: Integrating Passenger Ferry Service with Mass Transit examines the integration between land- and water-based transit systems and explores successful aspects of seamless integration.
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 Implementation and Outcomes of Fare-Free Transit SystemsJuly 13, 2012 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 101: Implementation and Outcomes of Fare-Free Transit Systems highlights the experiences of public transit agencies that have planned, implemented, and operated fare-free transit systems. The report focuses on public transit agencies tha...
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 Elevator and Escalator Maintenance and Safety PracticesJune 8, 2012 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 100: Elevator and Escalator Maintenance and Safety Practices documents elevator and escalator maintenance activities, safety practices, and passenger communication efforts at five U.S. transit agencies. The five agencies where informatio...
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 Uses of Social Media in Public TransportationMay 3, 2012 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 99: Uses of Social Media in Public Transportation explores the use of social media among transit agencies and documents successful practices in the United States and Canada. (This publication was updated in 2022.) For the purposes of the...
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 Ridesharing as a Complement to TransitApril 2, 2012 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 98: Ridesharing as a Complement to Transit explores current practices in using ridesharing to complement public transit and highlights ways to potentially enhance ridesharing and public transit.
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 Improving Bus Transit Safety Through Rewards and DisciplineMarch 23, 2012 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 97: Improving Bus Transit Safety Through Rewards and Discipline addresses the practices and experiences of public transit agencies in applying both corrective actions and rewards to recognize, motivate, and reinforce a safety culture wit...
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 Off-Board Fare Payment Using Proof-of-Payment VerificationMarch 5, 2012 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 96: Off-Board Fare Payment Using Proof-of-Payment Verification examines the application of proof-of-payment (PoP) on transit systems in North America and internationally. TCRP Synthesis 96 updates TCRP Report 80: A Toolkit for Self-Servi...
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 Practices for Wayside Rail Transit Worker ProtectionApril 4, 2012 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 95: Practices for Wayside Rail Transit Worker Protection is designed to highlight knowledge, practice, lessons learned, and gaps in information related to wayside rail transit worker protection programs.
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 Innovative Rural Transit ServicesDecember 2, 2011 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 94: Innovative Rural Transit Services highlights transit and rural intercity bus service responses to changing rural community transportation needs. The report includes an emphasis on the innovative and/or entrepreneurial spirit, the inn...
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 Practices to Protect Bus Operators from Passenger AssaultDecember 19, 2011 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 93: Practices to Protect Bus Operators from Passenger Assault highlights practices and policies implemented by transit agencies to deter and mitigate assaults on bus operators.
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 Transit Asset Condition ReportingOctober 24, 2011 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 92: Transit Asset Condition Reporting examines and documents the current state of the practice in transit asset condition management. The report defines transit asset management as a strategic planning process that supports informed capi...
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 Video Surveillance Uses by Rail Transit AgenciesAugust 15, 2011 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 90: Video Surveillance Uses by Rail Transit Agencies explores the current use of electronic video surveillance technology solely by passenger rail agencies onboard railcars, along rights-of-way, and more.
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 Public Participation Strategies for TransitJuly 19, 2011 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 89: Public Participation Strategies for Transit documents the state-of-the-practice in terms of public participation strategies to inform and engage the public for transit-related activities. The synthesis also provides ideas and insight...
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 Strollers, Carts, and Other Large Items on Buses and TrainsJune 30, 2011 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 88: Strollers, Carts, and Other Large Items on Buses and Trains documents the state of the practice of transit agencies managing capacity on vehicles carrying customers with large items. The synthesis also includes a discussion of vehicl...
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 Relationships Between Streetcars and the Built EnvironmentSeptember 22, 2010 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 86: Relationships Between Streetcars and the Built Environment examines selected, built streetcar and trolley systems to trace their evolution, define significant factors, and identify commonalities among levels of success in impacting t...
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 Current Practices in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Savings from TransitJune 21, 2010 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 84: Current Practices in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Savings from Transit explores the role of transit agencies in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and examines the current practice of a sample of transit agencies.
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 Bus and Rail Transit Preferential Treatments in Mixed TrafficAugust 11, 2010 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 83: Bus and Rail Transit Preferential Treatments in Mixed Traffic explores the application of different transit preferential treatments in mixed traffic. The report also examines the decision-making process that may be applied in decidin...
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 Transit Fare Arrangements for Public EmployeesJune 16, 2010 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 82: Transit Fare Arrangements for Public Employees explores the state of the practice for transit agencies in terms of fare arrangements for public employees. The report examines issues such as leadership of the program; barriers, obstac...
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 Preventive Maintenance Intervals for Transit BusesApril 1, 2010 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 81: Preventive Maintenance Intervals for Transit Buses explores preventive maintenance measures taken by a sampling of transit agencies to ensure buses are on time, protect taxpayer investments, and promote passenger satisfaction and pub...
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 Transit Security UpdateMarch 18, 2009 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 80: Transit Security Update explores transit-related counterterrorism and anti-crime security measures and practices; examines crime and security incident trends; and highlights other related topics, including major issues and obs...
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 Light Rail Vehicle Collisions with Vehicles at Signalized IntersectionsFebruary 24, 2009 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 79: Light Rail Vehicle Collisions with Vehicles at Signalized Intersections explores mitigation methods tested and used by transit agencies to reduce collisions between light rail vehicles (LRVs) and motor vehicles where light rai...
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 Transit Systems in College and University CommunitiesDecember 24, 2008 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 78: Transit Systems in College and University Communities has released a report that explores practices and trends in the areas of campus transit operations, policies, and planning, with a special focus area in technology and envi...
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 Passenger Counting SystemsJanuary 28, 2009 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 77: Passenger Counting Systems explores analytical tools and technologies for collecting transit ridership and other subsidiary data. The report also examines issues of potential concern to transit agencies considering automatic p...
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 Integration of Paratransit and Fixed-Route Transit ServicesDecember 4, 2008 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 76: Integration of Paratransit and Fixed-Route Transit Services explores the experiences of transit agencies that have attempted to depart from the traditional binary model of separate fixed-route and paratransit services by seeki...
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 Uses of Higher Capacity Buses in Transit ServiceJuly 10, 2008 TRB’s Transportation Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 75: Uses of Higher Capacity Buses in Transit Service explores the use of higher capacity (HC) public transit buses in trunk, express, long-distance commuter, Bus Rapid Transit, and special (e.g., sports and special events) ...
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 AVL Systems for Bus Transit: UpdateMay 20, 2008 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 73: AVL Systems for Bus Transit: Update explores the uses of computer-aided dispatch/automatic vehicle location (CAD/AVL) systems in fixed-route and demand-responsive services (bus AVL), as well as changes in agency practices related to...
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 Use of Biodiesel in a Transit FleetFebruary 23, 2008 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 72: Use of Biodiesel in a Transit Fleet explores potential benefits offered by biodiesel in order to help transit agencies make informed decisions regarding its use.
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 Paratransit Manager's Skills, Qualifications, and NeedsNovember 21, 2007 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 71: Paratransit Manager's Skills, Qualifications, and Needs examines current requirements for being a paratransit manager and actual experiences of current paratransit managers in their positions. The synthesis is designed t...
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 Mobile Data TerminalsJune 4, 2007 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 70: Mobile Data Terminals explores the state-of-the-practice of mobile data terminals in transit and examines the capability of mobile data computers offered by technology vendors to the industry. The report also reviews wireless ...
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 Web-Based Survey TechniquesFebruary 23, 2007 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 69: Web-Based Survey Techniques explores the current state of the practice for web-based surveys. The report examines successful practice, reviews the technologies necessary to conduct web-based surveys, and includes several...
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 Methods of Rider CommunicationJanuary 22, 2007 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 68: Methods of Rider Communication examines methods of communicating with transit customers in a variety of situations. The report explores the state of the practice in transit agency communications with customers, investigates ho...
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 Bus Transit Service in Land Development PlanningDecember 26, 2006 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 67: Bus Transit Service in Land Development Planning examines successful strategies that assist in the incorporation of bus transit service into land developments, as well as the challenges that transit agencies face when attempti...
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 Fixed-Route Transit Ridership Forecasting and Service Planning MethodsDecember 18, 2006 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 66: Fixed-Route Transit Ridership Forecasting and Service Planning Methods examines the state of the practice in fixed-route transit ridership forecasting and service planning. The report also explores forecasting methodolog...
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 Transit Agency Participation in Medicaid Transportation ProgramsAugust 24, 2006 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 65: Transit Agency Participation in Medicaid Transportation Programs explores the tasks that may help develop successful public transit–non-emergency medical transportation (NEMT) partnerships. The report examines real...
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 Bus Use of ShouldersJuly 5, 2006 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 64: Bus Use of Shoulders explores transit agencies’ experiences with policies and regulations that permit buses to use shoulders on arterial roads or freeways to bypass congestion either as interim or long-term treatments.&n...
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 On-Board and Intercept Transit Survey TechniquesDecember 13, 2005 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 63: On-Board and Intercept Transit Survey Techniques examines transit agencies’ experiences with planning and implementing on-board and intercept surveys. On-board and intercept surveys include self-administered surveys distributed on b...
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 Integration of Bicycles and TransitNovember 22, 2005 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 62: Integration of Bicycles and Transit examines how transit agencies may improve their existing services and assist other communities in developing new bicycle and transit services. Synthesis 62 updates TCRP Synthesis 4: Integrat...
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 Maintenance Staffing Levels for Light Rail TransitOctober 18, 2005 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 61: Maintenance Staffing Levels for Light Rail Transit examines light rail maintenance staffing practices and factors important in their development at U.S. transit agencies. It covers the areas of maintenance functions, new light rail ...
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 Practices in No-Show and Late Cancellation Policies for ADA ParatransitSeptember 13, 2005 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 60: Practices in No-Show and Late Cancellation Policies for ADA Paratransit examines current and innovative practices of U.S. transit agencies in the development and implementation of passenger no-show and late cancellation policies for...
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 Strategic Planning and Management in Transit AgenciesMay 3, 2005 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 59: Strategic Planning and Management in Transit Agencies examines the value and benefits of strategic planning and management in transit agencies. The report also provides case studies from five transit agencies based on the comp...
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 Emergency Response Procedures for Natural Gas Transit VehiclesMarch 17, 2005 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 58: Emergency Response Procedures for Natural Gas Transit Vehicles identifies and documents the state of the practice on emergency response protocols to incidents involving natural gas-filled transit buses. The report is designed ...
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 Computer-Aided Scheduling and Dispatch in Demand-Responsive Transit ServicesJanuary 25, 2005 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 57: Computer-Aided Scheduling and Dispatch in Demand-Responsive Transit Services explores the experiences of selected transit agencies, four contract service providers, and four software vendors, focusing on current practice, successful...
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 Performance-Based Measures in Transit Fund AllocationJanuary 24, 2005 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 56: Performance-Based Measures in Transit Fund Allocation examines the extent to which traditional measures of transit performance, such as internal measures of economic efficiency, service effectiveness, and productivity, are used in a...
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 Geographic Information Systems Applications in TransitFebruary 11, 2005 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 55: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Applications in Transit examines the value of GIS to transit agencies in service and cost savings. The synthesis summarizes the experiences of a variety of transit agencies, with information from...
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 Maintenance Productivity PracticesOctober 4, 2004 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 54: Maintenance Productivity Practices provides descriptions of successful maintenance productivity programs and creative modifications to existing programs.
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 Operational Experiences with Flexible Transit ServicesAugust 20, 2004 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 53: Operational Experiences with Flexible Transit Services examines transit agency experiences with “flexible transit services,” including all types of hybrid services that are not pure demand-responsive (including dial-a-ride and Ameri...
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 Transit Operator Health and Wellness ProgramsMay 10, 2004 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 52: Transit Operator Health and Wellness Programs examines health and wellness issues faced by bus and rail operators, the impacts of these issues on operators’ abilities to be productive employees, and programs that transit agencies hav...
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 Transit Advertising Sales AgreementsMarch 19, 2004 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 51: Transit Advertising Sales Agreements documents and summarizes transit agency experiences with advertising sales and synthesizes current practices for advertising sales, contracting, and display.
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 Use of Rear-Facing Position for Common Wheelchairs on Transit BusesJanuary 22, 2004 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 50: Use of Rear-Facing Position for Common Wheelchairs on Transit Buses describes the international state of the practice with respect to use of the rear-facing position for accommodating “common wheelchairs” (as defined by the Americans...
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 Yield to Bus -- State of the PracticeOctober 13, 2003 TRB’s Transportation Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 49: Yield to Bus -- State of the Practice examines yield to bus programs in California, Florida, Oregon, Washington State, and British Columbia. It documents information gathered about the legislative process and history; program...
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 Real-Time Bus Arrival Information SystemsAugust 4, 2003 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis Report 48: Real-Time Bus Arrival Information Systems includes information on relevant technical capabilities, agency experience, cost, and bus rider reactions to real-time bus arrival information systems. The report describes the state o...
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 Corporate Culture as the Driver of Transit Leadership PracticesJuly 11, 2003 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 47: Corporate Culture as the Driver of Transportation Leadership Practices provides an accounting of how transit agencies are addressing transit leadership development and retention. Report Parts; Front Matter , Chapter 1 , Chapter 2 , C...
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 Diversity Training InitiativesJuly 11, 2003 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 46: Diversity Training Initiatives identifies diversity training initiatives and related performance measures, examines the effectiveness of existing transit diversity initiatives, and discusses unmet needs and potential research. Append...
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 Effectiveness of Certain Customer-Focused Transit ActivitiesDecember 19, 2002 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 45, Customer-Focused Transit, documents the experiences of selected public transportation agencies in developing and implementing customer-service programs by examining the effectiveness of certain customer-focused activities. Appendices...
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 Effective Use of Transit WebsitesJune 10, 2002 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 43: Effective Use of Transit Websites explores current practices and recent experiences concerning website design, marketing, and administration.
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 Use of Flexible Funds for Transfer Under ISTEA and TEA-21June 10, 2002 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 42: Use of Flexible Funds for Transfer Under ISTEA and TEA-21 reviews how current flexible funding provisions are being used to support transit investment and to examines lessons that may have the broadest relevance throughout the transi...
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 The Use of Small Buses in Transit ServiceApril 29, 2002 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 41: The Use of Small Buses in Transit Service examines the use of small buses -- 30 ft or less in length -- as replacements for large buses in fixed-route, scheduled servcice or those used in innovative, more flexible operations such as ...
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 A Challenged Employment System: Hiring, Training, Performance Evaluation, and Retention of Bus OperatorsApril 29, 2002 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 40: A Challenged Employment System: Hiring, Training, Performance Evaluation, and Retention of Bus Operators provides a snapshot of public agencies' practices in bus operator hiring, training, performance evaluation, and retention.
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 Transportation on College and University CampusesApril 29, 2002 TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 39: Transportation on College and University Campuses offers survey information from 30 campus transit agencies including insights into the lessons learned and issues related to planning, implementing, and operating campus transit service....
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 Electronic Surveillance Technology on Transit VehiclesDecember 1, 2000 TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 38: Electronic Surveillance Technology on Transit Vehicles describes the state of the practice concerning the use of on-board vehicle surveillance technologies designed to address both safety and security issues at public transportation ag...
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 Information Technology Update for TransitDecember 1, 2000 TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 35: Information Technology Update for Transit is an update of TCRP Synthesis 5: Management Information Systems, and documents the transit industry's state of the practice in information and communication technologies against a contemporary...
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 Data Analysis for Bus Planning and MonitoringDecember 1, 2000 TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 34: Data Analysis for Bus Planning and Monitoring reviews the state of the practice in how data are analyzed. It addresses methods used to analyze data and what computer systems are used to store and process data. It also covers accuracy i...
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 Practices in Assuring Employee AvailabilityDecember 1, 1999 TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 33: Practices in Assuring Employee Availability presents state of the practice information about the various actions transit agencies (and other employers) have taken to help ensure the availability of quality employees in an increasingly ...
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 Transit Advertising Revenue: Traditional and New Sources and StructuresDecember 1, 1998 TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 32: Transit Advertising Revenue: Traditional and New Sources and Structures offers information from selected North American and other transit agencies about the existing environment for advertising on transit property and describes agency ...
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 Paratransit Contracting and Service Delivery MethodsDecember 1, 1998 TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 31: Paratransit Contracting and Service Delivery Methods offers information from selected transit agencies about the operational practices used to provide Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) paratransit services and identifies factors pe...
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 ADA Paratransit Eligibility Certification PracticesDecember 1, 1998 TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 30: ADA Paratransit Eligibility Certification Practices describes the complexities involved in creating an accurate eligibility determination process that complies with Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements and is regionally a...
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 Passenger Counting Technologies and ProceduresDecember 1, 1998 TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 29: Passenger Counting Technologies and Procedures summarizes information from selected transit agencies about benefits and problems associated with each passenger counting technology, as reported by current users. It also presents advice ...
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 Managing Transit Construction Contract ClaimsDecember 1, 1998 TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 28: Managing Transit Construction Contract Claims offers information from selected transit agencies about the underlying causes of construction disputes and practices in use today to identify and resolve them before they become formal clai...
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 Emergency Preparedness for Transit TerrorismDecember 1, 1997 TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 27: Emergency Preparedness for Transit Terrorism provides a useful perspective on mass transit preparedness, offering information on the current practices of selected transit agencies to prevent and respond to terrorism and acts of extrem...
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 Bus Transit Fare Collection PracticesDecember 1, 1997 TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 26: Bus Transit Fare Collection Practices It documents fixed route bus fare collection practices at selected transit agencies. Survey responses about fare policy, fare collection equipment, fare disputes, and fare evasion issues, as well a...
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 Light Rail Vehicle Compression RequirementsDecember 1, 1997 TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 25: Light Rail Vehicle Compression Requirements describes compression test requirements, presents available information on the development of specifications and standards, and provides examples of adjustments under particular circumstances.
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 AVL Systems for Bus TransitJune 1, 1997 TRB's Transit Cooperative Reserach Program (TCRP) Synthesis 24: AVL Systems for Bus Transit examines various aspects of developing and deploying automated vehicle location (AVL) systems over the last 20 years. Current practice; AVL architecture and technologies; and the institutional conte...
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 Monitoring Bus Maintenance PerformanceDecember 1, 1997 TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 22: Monitoring Bus Maintenance Performance describes current practices related to maintenance performance. The objective is to identify how maintenance performance measures drive day-to-day and strategic decisions.
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 Improving Transit SecurityDecember 1, 1997 TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 21: Improving Transit Security examines the nature and extent of transit crime, effective strategies to combat problem situations, and case studies of specific control practices deemed successful by transit agency professionals (with no di...
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 Transit-Focused DevelopmentDecember 1, 1997 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 20: Transit-Focused Development offers information on a variety of municipalities' and transit agencies' attitudes toward the built environment around rail stations. Policy and implementation issues, completed and unimplemented projects ...
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 Passenger Transfer System ReviewDecember 1, 1996 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 19: Passenger Transfer System Review offers user information on a variety of transit agencies' approaches to transfer programs. Policy and operational issues, service design, and transfer automation are discussed, based on the experience...
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 Bus Occupant SafetyDecember 1, 1996 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 18: Bus Occupant Safety offers information on the current practices of transit agencies to reduce injuries to bus occupants during collisions and injuries to passengers while boarding, riding, and leaving the bus.
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 Customer Information at Bus StopsDecember 1, 1996 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 17: Customer Information at Bus Stops addresses user information systems and describes current transit agency practices regarding customer information at bus stops within the text and through tables and multiple graphic illustrations.
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 Changing Roles and Practices of Bus Field SupervisorsDecember 1, 1996 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 16: Changing Roles and Practices of Bus Field Supervisors addresses the roles and responsibilities of bus field supervisors, including emerging concerns about how to improve the relationship between supervisors and bus operators, while p...
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 System-Specific Spare Rail Vehicle RatiosDecember 1, 1995 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 15: System-Specific Spare Rail Vehicle Ratios addresses the system-specific variables that directly impact fleet size, and the spare ratios that are maintained by individual transit agencies. From the information obtained, it appears tha...
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 Innovative Suburb-to-Suburb Transit PracticesDecember 1, 1995 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 14: Innovative Suburb-to-Suburb Transit Practices provides information about the suburban shift from the more traditional central business district oriented service patterns of selected transit agencies. Transit agencies with limited mar...
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 Risk Management for Small and Medium Transit AgenciesDecember 1, 1995 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 13: Risk Management for Small and Medium Transit Agencies provides information on how small and medium-sized transit agencies can evaluate various approaches to risk management and can access risk management services at reasonable cost.
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 Transit Bus Service Line and Cleaning FunctionsDecember 1, 1995 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 12: Transit Bus Service Line and Cleaning Functions provides a variety of approaches to transit bus service line and cleaning functions so transit agencies can evaluate the effectiveness of their own operations.
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 System-Specific Spare Bus RatiosDecember 1, 1995 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 11: System-Specific Spare Bus Ratios documents critical site specific variables that influence transit agencies' spare bus ratio policies. It profiles a select group of transit agencies of varying sizes and geographic locations and descr...
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 Bus Route Evaluation StandardsDecember 1, 1995 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 10: Bus Route Evaluation Standards provides updated information to the 1984 United States Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) report entitled Bus Service Evaluation Methods: A Review, however, the results are not directly comparable ...
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 Waste Control Practices at Bus Maintenance FacilitiesDecember 1, 1995 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 9: Waste Control Practices at Bus Maintenance Facilities explores waste management practices employed in bus maintenance and fueling operations and it identifies some successful practices that are being employed to reduce or eliminate wa...
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 Retrofit of Buses to Meet Clean Air RegulationsDecember 1, 1994 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 8: Retrofit of Buses to Meet Clean Air Regulations summarizes the options available under the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Urban Bus Retrofit/Rebuild Program for heavy-duty diesel bus engines and clarifies the information in t...
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 Regulatory Impacts of Design and Retrofit of Bus Maintenance FacilitiesDecember 1, 1994 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 7: Regulatory Impacts on Design and Retrofit of Bus Maintenance Facilities describes how recently enacted legislation and implemented regulations have affected the design of bus maintenance facilities. Several case examples of changes im...
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 Management Information SystemsDecember 1, 1994 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 5: Management Information Systems identifies the current direction and key factors of selected transit agencies that have successfully implemented management information systems (MIS). The synthesis documents the range, variety, and bene...
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 Integration of Bicycles and TransitDecember 1, 1994 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 4: Integration of Bicycles and Transit addresses safety, equipment procurement, scheduling, and inter-jurisdictional cooperation issues. Information on bicycle-on-bus, bicycle-on-rail, and bicycle on-ferry programs is included.
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 Employee Incentive Programs to Improve Transit PerformanceDecember 1, 1994 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 3: Employee Incentive Programs to Improve Transit Performance provides an overview of current practice in employee incentive programs. Information on incentive programs that provide a one-time payment or recognition for a particular job ...
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 Low-Floor Transit BusesDecember 1, 1994 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 2: Low-Floor Transit Buses examines the operational experiences of low-floor transit buses in fixed route service and the viability of this technology in meeting the transit industry's accessibility goals for the future. Information on l...
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 Safe Operating Procedures for Alternative Fuel BusesDecember 1, 1993 TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 1: Safe Operating Procedures for Alternative Fuel Buses includes information on the use of methanol, ethanol, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), and other alternative fuels for buses. |